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Further Git and GitHub for Effective Collaboration

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Using GitHub actions for continuous integration

Overview

Teaching: 30 min
Exercises: 10 min
Questions

  • What is meant by continuous integration (CI) and what are the benefits?

  • What tasks can be automated in CI?

  • How do I set up CI using GitHub Actions?

  • How do I know if CI runs are passing and what should I do if they are failing?

  • What should I do if I can’t replicate failing runs locally?

Objectives

  • Understand the role of Continuous Integration (CI) in collaborative development

  • Know how to write a simple GitHub Actions configuration file

  • Be able to design a CI workflow for a variety of projects

Motivation for CI

Individual styles and preferences

Developer 1 - “Tabs!”

Developer 2 - “Spaces!”

Developer 1 - “TABS!”

Developer 2 - “SPACES!”

GitHub Actions automatically runs checks on your code.

Explanation of CI

Continuous integration (CI) is a software development practice that ensures all contributions to a code base meet defined criteria (e.g. formatting or testing conventions). This is enforced via computational workflows that apply checks and tests to a code commit. Failure of these workflows to complete successfully is indicated via the code hosting platform and can be used to block code from being merged into branches.

CI is often paired with additional workflows that run after a code contribution has been accepted. These workflows are often used to publish or deploy the code for use, a practice known as continuous delivery (CD). Generally the terms CI, CD or CI/CD can be used somewhat interchangeably to refer to any computational workflows that are triggered by and influence changes in a code base for a variety of purposes.

CI is carried out by a CI (or CI/CD) system. There are a wide variety of CI systems available. Some are closely integrated with a particular code hosting platform (e.g. GitHub Actions for GitHub, GitLab CI/CD for GitLab), others are provided as third-party online services (e.g. CircleCI, Travis CI) and others are designed for you to setup and run yourself (e.g. Jenkins, Buildbot).

We’re going to look at how to setup and use GitHub Actions for the following reasons:

Introduction to GitHub Actions

There are two requirements to use GitHub Actions:

  1. You must have a repository on GitHub with Actions enabled. This is the default in the majority of circumstances but Actions may be initially disabled on a fork. You can check by going to the Actions Settings in the GitHub user interface (under Settings -> Actions -> General).
  2. Your repository must contain a workflow file in the directory .github/workflows. A workflow file contains the instructions that specify when your CI should run and what to do when it runs. You can have as many workflow files as you want and they will all run simultaneously.

Configuring and Running GitHub Actions

An example of a very simple workflow file is below:

on:
  - push
jobs:
  check-code:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - run: echo 'hello world'

This roughly translates to the following: “When I push new code to GitHub, use the Ubuntu operating system to checkout the code and then run the specified command”.

YAML File Format

You may not have encountered the YAML file format before. YAML is very commonly used for configuration files because it allows the definition of structured data whilst also being pretty easy for people to read.

That being said, it can take a moment to get your head around. When starting out it’s generally best to start with an example and modify it. We’ll break down the meaning and structure of this YAML file as we go.

Let’s breakdown the example workflow file in a bit more detail:

on:
  - push

This describes the condition that will trigger the workflow to run. To add another trigger you would add another indented line with a dash, e.g.

on:
  - push
  - pull_request

This will additionally trigger the workflow to run when a pull request is created. The “push” and “pull_request” triggers are probably the most commonly used however, there are a great many available (see GitHub Docs: Events that trigger workflows). This is an example of where GitHub Actions goes further than most CI systems as you can automate pretty much any behaviour in a repository.

Next chunk:

jobs:
  check-code:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:

Workflows are composed of jobs that in turn are composed of steps. In the above we create a job called check-code by creating an entry in the jobs section. We specify that the job should run on the most recent version available of Ubuntu (a flavour of Linux). Then we go on to define the steps within the job. To add another job to this workflow we would add another entry with the same indentation as check-code with a different name and its own runs-on entry and steps.

You can read more about jobs at GitHub Docs: Using jobs in a workflow. The behaviour of jobs can be extensively modified. You can create dependencies between jobs so that job-2 will only run if job-1 finished successfully. Or you can provide additional expressions to limit when a job should run e.g. only run a job for a particular branch. You can also define a single job that is run multiple times with different parameters using a matrix. This can be used, for instance, to test code on multiple different operating systems with different versions of Python. See GitHub Docs: Using a matrix for your jobs for more information.

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - run: echo 'hello world'

Individual steps within a job define the actual work to be carried out. The workflow above defines two steps that work in different ways. The first step has a uses entry to indicate that it should use a pre-packaged action. This is a powerful feature of GitHub Actions; individual job steps can be packaged and shared for use in workflows in different repositories. Actions that have been packaged this way can be found in the GitHub MarketPlace. Here we’re using version 3 of the checkout action which is almost always the first step in any job. The checkout action will create a copy of your repository’s code ready for following steps in the job.

The default behaviour of the checkout action is quite smart. It tries to check out the correct version of your code based on the context of the workflow. For instance, it will checkout a newly pushed branch if that is the event that triggered the workflow. You can modify the behaviour of individual actions by passing a with section. For instance you can make the action checkout a different version of your code or checkout code from a different repository entirely. See GitHub Market Place: Checkout Action for details.

The second step does not use a pre-packaged action but instead has a run entry. This allows us to execute some custom code. As a general rule, if you can find a pre-packaged action in the Marketplace that does what you want, use it, and only fall back to running custom code if necessary. For more detail on custom job steps see GitHub Docs: Job Step Workflow Syntax.

Once those two steps have completed, the CI run is finished. What happens next depends on what happened during the job steps. If any step did not finish successfully, but instead generated an error, then the CI run is considered to have failed. Successful CI runs are marked in the GitHub UI with a green dot next to the commit; failed runs have a red dot.

Adding CI to Your Recipe

Let’s look at adding some useful CI to the recipe repository. We’re working with Markdown files so it would be helpful to enforce a consistent style to avoid differences between authors. Well do this by adding a workflow that runs the markdownlint-cli action. This action runs markdownlint-cli, a tool that checks markdown files against a set of criteria.

  1. Create a .github directory in your project then create a workflows directory within that.
  2. Create a file called ci.yml in the workflows directory.

  3. Add the following contents to ci.yml:

     on:
   - push
 jobs:
   markdownlint:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - name: markdownlint-cli
         uses: nosborn/github-action-markdown-cli@v3.2.0
         with:
           files: .
  4. Stage and commit ci.yml then push the repository to GitHub.
  5. Your first CI run should have been triggered! Quickly, go to your repository on GitHub and select the Actions tab. You should see a workflow with a glowing amber dot next to the commit messaged you provided. This means that the workflow is running.
  6. Click on the commit message. You now get a breakdown of the individual jobs within your workflow. It’s only one job in this case - markdownlint - click on it to see its progress. You can see the individual steps, and the output that they produce as they run.
  7. Before long the workflow will complete but, alas, it should be a failure. Go back to the front page of the repository by clicking the Code tab. You should see your commit marked with a red cross to indicate that it failed the CI. You should also receive a notification (after a few minutes) via the email address associated with your GitHub account.
  8. Return to the Actions tab and open the failed workflow. You should see a handy summary of the errors that were encountered during the markdownlint job. You now need to correct both ingredients.md and instructions.md so that the CI will pass. Hint: see markdownlint-cli: Rule MD041.
  9. Once you’ve modified the files stage, commit and push once again. Your next CI run should succeed. If it doesn’t then try modifying the files again.
  10. Once the CI is passing, go back to the Code tab and you should see a nice green tick next to your latest commit.

Using CI with Pull Requests

We’ve seen some basic usage of GitHub Actions but, so far, its only utility is adding a tick or cross in the GitHub UI. That’s good, but CI can be even more useful when combined with pull requests.

Let’s say we’ve created a new branch that we want to merge into main. If we create a pull request but our CI is failing in the new branch, we’ll see something like the following:

Failing CI

GitHub makes the failure of the CI pretty apparent but, by default, it will still allow the PR to be merged. At this point the CI is a useful aid to peer review but we can take things further by implementing some policy in the form of a “branch protection rule”. We can use this to put two restrictions in place:

  1. No code can be pushed directly to the main branch, it must always be added via pull request.
  2. All CI workflows must succeed in order for PR’s to be allowed to merge.

Combined together these rules mean that no code can end up in the main branch if it did not successfully pass through CI first. Creating a cast iron guarantee that all code that has been accepted into the main branch meets a certain standard is very powerful.

Let’s see how to create a branch protection rule and how this changes the behaviour of PR’s:

  1. Go to the Settings tab and select Branches from the left-hand side.
  2. Select Add branch protection rule.
  3. Set main as the Branch name pattern and check the boxes for Require a pull request before merging and Require status checks to pass before merging.
  4. In the extra options that appear beneath the status checks checkbox, check Require branches to be up to date before merging. Using the search bar, find and select the names of any CI jobs that must pass to allow merging.
  5. Scroll down and press Create. GitHub may ask you to confirm your password.

Now a CI failure for a pull request looks like this:

Failing CI

Now it’s much harder to get anything past peer review that doesn’t meet the required standard. There remains an option to “bypass branch protections” but this is only available to administrators of the repository and can be removed by further refining the rule.

No Such Thing as a Free Lunch

Despite concerted efforts to look like your best mate, GitHub is in fact trying to make money. At the end of the day GitHub Actions uses computational power which costs (even if you are owned by Microsoft). The practical upshot is that there are limits on the usage of GitHub Actions. In brief:

Ways to use CI

Now that we’ve set up and configured GitHub Actions, what can we use it for? The GitHub Marketplace is a good place to get ideas but the number of available actions can be overwhelming.

Enforce Style and Formatting

One of the simplest uses of CI is to enforce common style and formatting standards to code. The below workflow runs Flake8 to check that all Python code in the repository conforms to the PEP8 style guide. Having this workflow ensures that all code added to the repository has a consistent style and appearance.

on:
  - push
jobs:
  qa:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
        with:
          python-version: "3.10"
      - uses: py-actions/flake8@v2

Build Software

Depending on your project you may have a compile or build step needed to make the software usable. An example is given below of building a project using the CMake toolchain. Common compilers (e.g. gcc, g++) and tools (e.g. Make) are pre-installed but you may need additional setup actions if you have specific requirements for different versions.

The value of this kind of workflow is pretty straightforward. You can check that a freshly checked out version of your code can be successfully built. You can run similar builds across a variety of operating systems and compilers to ensure broad compatibility.

on:
  - push
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: actions/actions-setup-cmake@v1
        with:
          cmake-version: "3.3"
      - run: |
          mkdir build
          cd build
          cmake ..
          make all

Run Tests

Writing tests is an important best practice for software development. Even better is incorporating tests into your CI so you know they pass in a newly checked-out repository on another computer.

The below shows an example of running the tests of a Python project:

on:
  - push
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
        with:
          python-version: "3.10"
      - run: pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
      - run: pytest .

Publish

Once we’ve accepted changes into our repository it can then be useful to trigger a publish action. The below workflow builds and publishes a Docker image only when new commits are added to the main branch. Docker is a tool for packaging and distributing software along with all of its requirements. Once published the Docker image can then be downloaded and used by other users or services.

on: push
jobs:
  publish:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
    steps:
      - name: Login to GitHub Container Registry
        uses: docker/login-action@v1
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      - name: Get image metadata
        id: meta
        uses: docker/metadata-action@v3
        with:
          images: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}
      - name: Build and push Docker image
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v2
        with:
          push: true
          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}

A Realistic Example

If we put together a few things we’ve seen so far, we can start to build more realistic and useful workflows. The below example is taken from a template for Python repositories (see Github Python Poetry Template Repository).

name: Test and build  # workflows can have a name that appears in the GitHub UI
on: [push, pull_request, release]
jobs:
  qa:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      # pre-commit is a useful tool to setup and run all of your QA tools at once
      # see https://pre-commit.com/
      - uses: pre-commit/action@v3.0.0

  # this job checks that any links included in markdown files (such as the README) work
  check-links:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: gaurav-nelson/github-action-markdown-link-check@v1
        name: Check links in markdown files  # individual steps can also have names
        with:
          use-quiet-mode: 'yes'
          use-verbose-mode: 'yes'

  test:
    needs: qa
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}  # example of how jobs can be parameterised
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:  # here we use a matrix to test our project on different operating systems
        os: [ windows-latest, ubuntu-latest, macos-latest ]
        python-version: [ 3.9 ]

    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
    - name: Install Poetry
      uses: abatilo/actions-poetry@v2.1.6
      with:
        poetry-version: 1.1.14
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: poetry install
    - name: Run tests
      run: poetry run pytest

Key Points

  • Continuous Integration (CI) is the practice of automating checks of code contributions

  • GitHub Actions is a CI system provided by GitHub

  • GitHub Actions is configured via a YAML file in the directory .github/workflows

  • GitHub Actions comprise individual steps combined into workflows

  • Steps may run a pre-existing action or custom code

  • The result of a GitHub Actions run can be used to block merging of a Pull Request

  • CI can be used for a wide variety of purposes

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